THE LAST INTERVIEW WITH ARTHUR MIDDLETON YOUNG
By William Kelly
Photo of Arthur Young flying an early model helicopter
His name is not as famous as Sikorsky or Bell, but Arthur Middleton Young was the engineering genius who invented the first commercially approved helicopter - the Bell 47A - best known as the glass bubble and girders MASH helicopter.
While Young died in 1996 at the age of 89, I visited him a few months before his death and recorded an informal interview with him.
After talking with him on the phone to arrange an interview, I read his books, one a biographical recollection of his inventing the helicopter and the other on his philosophy - a theory of process. I also looked up news clipping and the last published interview with him I could find was dated 1966.
I was interested in how Young invented the helicopter, but I came to him through the back door so to speak, as Arthur Young is one of the most interesting and elusive characters to populate the literature on the assassination of President Kennedy.
Not mentioned in the Warren Report or any of the vast numbers of books that have been written on the subject, Young almost escaped notice until former Warren Commissioner Rep. Gerald Ford (R. Michigan) published a book "Portrait of the Assassin" that he co-wrote with a campaign manager John Stiles. Ford was criticized for having used then secret government records on the assassinatioin that were unavailable to historians or the public.
In his book Ford says that Marina Oswald, the accused assassin's pregnant wife, received a letter in New Orleans from her Texas acquaintance Ruth Hyde Paine, suggesting that Marina should move in with her in Iriving, Texas until she had her baby.
If Marina agreed to move in with her, Paine said she should write a return letter in care of "Arthur Young, Paoli, Pennsylvania."
Now I had never heard of Arthur Young, but I did know that Ruth H. Paine did pick up Marina in New Orleans in late September, 1963, and took her and the young girl and their belongings - including the rifle, to Texas, while Oswald went to Mexico City.
While you won't read it in the Warren Report or any other book I can think of, Ruth Hyde Paine took a summer vacation in her Chevy station wagon, vising her family in Ohio and the extended family of her husband Michael Paine.
Ruth H. Paine was particuarly close to Michael Paine's mother Ruth Forbes Paine Young, and spent time with her on the Forbes family's private island off Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where Walter Cronkite sometimes put in aboard his sailboat.
Ruth Forbes had married Michael's father Lyman Paine, a radical founder of the Trotskyite Communist Party in the USA, and was a close personal friend and traveling companion to Mary Bancroft, granddaughter of the founder of Barrons and Wall Street Journal.
Ruth Forbes was traveling with Bancroft aboard an ocean liner when Bancroft met the Swiss businessman who she would marry, and it was while living in Switzerland where she met and became a primary assistant and paramour of OSS officer Alen Dulles.
After leaving the Forbes island off Massachusetts Ruth Hyde Paine visted Michael's mom and her husband Arthur Young at their 300 year old colonial farmhouse outside Philadelphia.
That's where Ruth H. Paine must have received a letter from Marina Oswald in New Orleans agreeing to move to Texas with her because after leaving the Youngs in Philadelphia, she visited her sister in DC and father in Ohio before picking up Marina in New Orleans and taking them with her to Texas, while Oswald went to Mexico City.
"In care of Arthur Young," was all that Ford noted in his book, but it was enough for me to start digging into the question - Who is Arthur Young?
From my home in Ocean City, New Jersey, I found his phone number listed in the public directory and gave him a call, and he answered. I introduced myself as a reporter and journalist from the Jersey Shore, and requested an interview.
He requested that I order and read his two published books before I interviewed him, and I agreed.
"What is your purpose?" he wanted to know.
So I explained I wanted to write a feature article about him, a profile, with a special emphasis on his role in the invention of the Bell Helicopter and his unique philosophy.
While he agreed, he said he doubted that any reputable publication would publish anything about him, as he thought himself too controversial, and that proved to be true.
A few weeks after our phone coversation, after I read his books, I drove alone to the Young's colonial era farmhouse on the Brandywine Creek, not far from the Philadelphia's classic Main Line neighborhoods. It was at the lost battle of Brandywine when a Scottish highlander sniper got General Washington in his sights, but declined to take the shot that could have changed the course of history.
Michael's mom, Ruth Forbes Paine Young, now old an frail, was sitting in the garden with a young women talking quietly while I followed Young into his book lined living room and study and sat in adjoining loung chairs by a fireplace. I asked him if I could tape our conversation and he agreed, so the cassette tape recorder was placed on a small tea table between us.
Before we began Young asked me if he could chart my horroscope and when I agreed, he asked me my date and place of birth, and continued jotting down things as we talked.
The son of two fine painters from Gettesburg, Pa., Arthur Middleton Young was born in Paris on November 3, 1905. His father Charles Morris Young was teaching art in France when he was born. One of his mother's watercolors graced the far wall of Young's living room.
Young considered himself self-educated even though he graduated from Princeton with a degree in mathamatics in 1927, he considered the Ivy League school entirely unsuitable for what he wanted to learn. He did recall a professor who introduced him to oriental art, and taking a physics course on the theory of relativity, arguing over the role of time in the equation.
While Einstein and others considered time a constant, Young believed it to be a variable. "Treating time as a dimension as though you could make a map of it. But time brings surprises, novelities, and there is no way to formulate these things. You talk about space, something you can measure, points on a plane and distances between them. Then we talk about space and time and the interval between them, but it still portrays time as though it can be laid out on a map."
"There was a death in my family," he explained. "It was tragic, and it showed me that time brought surprises. And I couldn't reconcile that with relativity, but I felt that in studying the theory of relativity I began to construct my own theory of the universe which was based on structure. In trying to formulate these things, I changed my theory from a theory of structure to a theory of process, to emphasize the change of time, and now I call it a theory of process."
As a student at Princeton, where he majored in math and physics, Young said he occassionally crossed paths with Einstein, but didn't engage him in conversation. Philosopher Henri Bergson did argue with Einstein about his concept of time, Young said. "And I agree with Bergson, although I don't know if Bergson would agree with me."
After graduating from Princeton in 1927 Young said he wanted to develoop his own theory in response to the theory of relativity, but he decided to invent something first in order to better understand the laws of nature. "I had to apprentice myself with nature, and decided to do something practical to learn how nature works."
Going to the Patent Office in Washington D.C. Young reviewed the status of the most intriguing scientific developments of the time. "I had all sorts of ideas and scruitinized the field of invention, and thought about thigns on the horizon - color television, stereophonic sound, color photography, but it all seemed to easy to develop, and I didn't want anyone to get there before me."
He settled on vertical flight because there was less competition and the problems in developing the helicopter seemed more easily surmountable.
"You know how you have text books with questions and the answers are in the back of the book?" Young asks. "Well I thought it was like that, and I could just look up the answers by trying it with nature. I allowed myself fifteen years, and it took eighteen years before I could surmise it was successful."
After digensting all of the published technical material on the matter, most of which he found was in French, and for the most part useless, he realized he had to start from scratch.
THE FIRST DRONE
"Since I couldn't afford to make a large full scale helicopter, and the fact it would take longer, I began with models in 1928. I made a 20 horsepower one, and it blew up three times. I waisted about ten years on that model alone and realized it wasn't the right way."
"There are a number of ways to make a helicopter - you can have the roters coaxial, you can have them what you call side-by-side or you can have them in tandem. The main problem with a helicopter is correcting the torque. I tried to correct it at first by having the rotor have little rotors pulling it around, so there is very little torque on the fuselage."
Over a period of 14 years, in the colonial era barn in the backyard of his Paoli, Pennsylvania farmhouse, Young experimented with model helicopters, overocoming a successioin of "instructive failures."
"It was a process of self-education," Young said. "I discovered the problem of stress, conducted all kinds of experiments myself, and my machines all blew up. I'd start them and hide behind the woodpile."
One model was electric powered, five foot to scale controlled by 13 wires and a cable. "I had to take the rafter supports out of the bar to make room for the flying models."
Young (From The Reflected Universe) : "Many of the problems in the development of the helicopter involved this sequence: finding what happens, the laws or regularities, and rerouting one's course to make the same laws work to help; as when a carpenter planning a board discovers he is working against the grain and turns the board around....I also found in the helicopter an example of how evolution works. I found by experience that without purpose, without a goal oiented activity, the helicopter could not possibly have evolved."
While other helicopter designers flew helicopters before Young, including Focke in Germany, Sikorsky in the United States, they did not have the controlled flight needed for routine and safe operations. Young invented and pattened critical components, including the stabalizing bar, that allows for controlled vertical flight. Young's pattened inventions are a part of every helicopter just as every airplane contains components pattended by the Wright brothers.
"Sikorsky is really the father of the helicoper in this country," says Young, "and I owe a dept to him because he siad the simpilist way to correct the torque is with a tail rotor, and I was influenced by him to go with the tail rotor model. So I went back to the little models to test that and found they were still unstable in flight, and that led to almost a year before I found the stabilizing bar acts like a pole. That gave me a stable model, so when I could fly out the barn door and back again, that's when I knew I could take it to a big company."
At the dawn of World War II Young was drafted into the Army at the age of 36. With in-bread Philadelphia Quaker beliefs, Young didn't want to fight.
"I didn't see how much use I was going to be to the Army," so he took his little flying model to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio and gave the military brass a demonstration and that got him out of the Army.
"The reason I went to Bell is because I had been dreaming about a converter plane and the Bell Airacobra appealed to me. Then this doctor, Dr. John Sharpe of Bryn Mawr (Pa.), I don't know why, but he became a visitor. He had developed a gear and asked me where he could present it, and I said to try Bell. So he went to Bell (Upstate New York) and he found they didn't know much about gears. But he did tell them about the helicopter going in and out of the barn door. And Jack Stricter, the man there at Bell, said to come up and visit them, so that's how I got to Bell."
With an invitation to visit Bell, Young took his model helicopter and a film of its progression to Bell Aircraft plant in Buffalo, New York. There Lawrence Bell's secretary told him Young he had ten minutes to make his presentation. So Young took his model helicopter out of the black box in the middle of the factory assembly line where they were making Aircobra fighter planes (they sold to Russia), and began playing with it.
As the little model flew around the huge factory the mechanics and engineers stopped their work and Mr. Bell came out to see what the fuss was about, so Young flew the model over Bell and landed it at his feet.
Young showed his film to Bell in his office, and eight hours later Young was in charge of a new division of Bell Aircraft - Bell Helicopter, and assigned to build a full scale model of his flying helicopter.
Young: "Here was a big aircraft company making pursuit plans for war, and Larry Bell had the vision to see that ultimately, they would have to have another product. And he was sufficiently impressed that this would be a future market. After some time "We got a factory in a garage in Gardenville, New York, some distance from the main plant. I got my own mechanics and engineers, - there were about 25 of us. Bell complained I didn't have an organization chart, and it was because we were working together - you could say spiritually, that we didn't need no organization chart. Everyone just fell into place."
Nor did they have a blueprint. Normally, airplaines are designed on paper first, and then built to specifications, but in this case, the helicopter was built from the scale model, and then the parts drawn on to a blueprint, backwards from the traditional approach to aircraft design and construction.
"We just attened to it for several years without any distractions," Young said. "It's easy enough to put a helicopter together, but then you have to make it work. We got the thing out the door and to take off in six months, but then it took two or three years to get the bugs out, to get the engine to stand up and solve all of the difficult problems."
"I had the lathe set by the window, so the mechanics could look out and see the helicopter flying, but they didn't bother to look. They were too interested in their own work. I realized that people have differnt perspectives, and you should respect their perspectives. I don't think anybody, including myself, realiized the impact of what we were doing. We were too busy trying to make it work."
"When my friends asked me of what use a helicopter would be, I got tired of trying to answer that question. I said you would be able to oil weather veins, but that wasn't so absurd because the first use of the helicopter was to blow due off cheries in a field. But nobody would have dreamed of that use."
Other early uses of the first Bell helicopter were the inspection of pipe lines, fire fighting, and best known for taking wounded soldiers off the battlefiend in Korea, as portratyed in the movie and TV show MASH.
The Bell Model 47D1, with its familiar girders and glass bubble, was completed in 1942 and was the first helicopter to be licensed to fly commercially by the Civil Aeronautics Board in 1946. Like the Aqualung, the helicopater came too late for World War II.
The very first prototype helicopater was last flown in 1947 and made into a popular display at the Franklin Insitute in Philadelphia, where schoolchilidren climbed in and out of it. It was later moved to the Smithsonian Institute in Washington D.C. and in 1986, because of its functional design, was considered practical art and put on display at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
"My father would have turned over in his grave because he hated modern art," Young laughed.
After the prototype production model was finished they began the assembly line manufacture and Young consider his work at Bell complete.
Young: "When you have the prototype launched, that's when there are no more changes. We were giving people rides, and it helped morale, but there was no sense sitting around, so that's when I decided to do what I really wanted to do, which is philosophy."
Young also took up yoga again, "But the thing that really blew my mind was dreaming a dream of the future which was very accurate. I was very intrigued with all of these things like future dreams, telepathy, ESP - extra sensory perception, prediction, radionics, astrology, and things like that."
"I got some prectice falling asleep in classes in college, and I began to study the images that come to you at the moment you fall asleep. They often concern something you are thinking about, and can be used to solve problems. With dreams you're asleep and can't do anything about it, but with images you wake up, and are right on the edge."
It was at the conclusion of his work at Bell when Young hooked up once again with Ruth Forbes, who he had previously met in 1939. "A mutual friend invited me to go to her house at Naushon Island, off the coast of Massachusets."
"There was no thought of marriage when we first met. It wasn't until after I had quit the helicopter, that's when my whole life changed," Young said reflectively.
In 1948 in Reno, Nevada, Young was granted a divorce from his first wife Priscilla Page Young.
"I was fond of her, but there was something missing. Ruth was willing to go into these things like radionics and Scientology."
Radionics he said, "is the use of a blood spot to diagnose and treat patients from a distnace," while scientology is the quasi-religion founded by H. Ron Hubbard.
Young and Ruth Forbes were married in 1948, but didn't stay with Scientology.
"I must admit, Scientology was a brilliant technique, but it got into a fascist racket with sever rules, and I didn't get much out of it."
With Ruth Forbes Paine Young, they launced what Young calls his "Gee Wiz" perioid, in which they investigated all of the things outside the realm of traditional science including radionics, ESP, yoga and astrology, which is the subject of Young's next planned book - a work-in-progress. (Kelly notes: I don't know if this was ever published.)
In 1949 the Franklin Institute recognized Young for his role in the development of the helicopter when he was awarded the prestigious Franklin Medal for his use of models to test unproven ideas.
"I worked with models because it was easier and cheaper," he said, "and I'm still trying to find a student to teach how to do that so it won't die with me. I've had adequate recognition for my helicopter work, it is my philosophy that bothers them." Them being traditonal scientists and academians who reject his radical and unconventoinal beliefs.
In Philadelphia in 1951 (BK: The year I was born), Young established the Foundatation for the Study of Consciousness "to promote the study of metaphysics," that would formally examine the esoteric things that he was concerned with. He also went back to Princeton to lecture, but his syllabus was too diverse. Was it mechanics, physics, metaphsics or all of them?
"The suggestion of such an overall course crossed so many departmental boundries they said they just couldn't do it," Young said bitterly dejected. "A professor doesn't want a general theory coming across his province, his soverign territory."
The bureaucrats in Washington were just as stuffy about his Foundation as the academics at Princeton were about an interdisciplianry course.
As he explains it: "I found that I couldn't do anything without having a committee or professor approve it. The U.S. government you see, doesn't want people to do things that aren't conventional. It was suppoed to be tax exempt but I found myself so restricted by this that we disolved the foundatoin and started over again in 1972 with the Institute for the Study of Consciousness."
Based in Berkeley, California, Young spends the summer and fall at his Downingtown, Pa. farm house and resides in California from November until spring. In California Young gives a lecture a month at the Philosophical Research Society, elaborating on his philosophy to interesed students. He has also written two books about his still developing Theory of Process - The Reflective Universe and the Geometry of Meaning.
Young is also the author of the less technical Bell Notes, which is based on the journal he kept while working on the Bell Helicopter and describes his conversion from physics to metaphysics.
Considering its founding in 1951, a decade before the general popularity of such things, Young said his institute should not be confused with the "consciousness movment" of the Sixties and Seventies. "That was drugs and alternate states of consciousness, and I'd already experienced that with yoga. It was more of the business of how to account for that kind of thing - how to explain it. I didn't experiment with drugs like LSD, although I always meant to, I just didn't get around to it. My wife's grandson introduced me to psilocybin (mushrooms), but I found it wasn't much different to what I could do consciously with yoga."
- This could be Michael Paine`s son?
By William Kelly
Photo of Arthur Young flying an early model helicopter
His name is not as famous as Sikorsky or Bell, but Arthur Middleton Young was the engineering genius who invented the first commercially approved helicopter - the Bell 47A - best known as the glass bubble and girders MASH helicopter.
While Young died in 1996 at the age of 89, I visited him a few months before his death and recorded an informal interview with him.
After talking with him on the phone to arrange an interview, I read his books, one a biographical recollection of his inventing the helicopter and the other on his philosophy - a theory of process. I also looked up news clipping and the last published interview with him I could find was dated 1966.
I was interested in how Young invented the helicopter, but I came to him through the back door so to speak, as Arthur Young is one of the most interesting and elusive characters to populate the literature on the assassination of President Kennedy.
Not mentioned in the Warren Report or any of the vast numbers of books that have been written on the subject, Young almost escaped notice until former Warren Commissioner Rep. Gerald Ford (R. Michigan) published a book "Portrait of the Assassin" that he co-wrote with a campaign manager John Stiles. Ford was criticized for having used then secret government records on the assassinatioin that were unavailable to historians or the public.
In his book Ford says that Marina Oswald, the accused assassin's pregnant wife, received a letter in New Orleans from her Texas acquaintance Ruth Hyde Paine, suggesting that Marina should move in with her in Iriving, Texas until she had her baby.
If Marina agreed to move in with her, Paine said she should write a return letter in care of "Arthur Young, Paoli, Pennsylvania."
Now I had never heard of Arthur Young, but I did know that Ruth H. Paine did pick up Marina in New Orleans in late September, 1963, and took her and the young girl and their belongings - including the rifle, to Texas, while Oswald went to Mexico City.
While you won't read it in the Warren Report or any other book I can think of, Ruth Hyde Paine took a summer vacation in her Chevy station wagon, vising her family in Ohio and the extended family of her husband Michael Paine.
Ruth H. Paine was particuarly close to Michael Paine's mother Ruth Forbes Paine Young, and spent time with her on the Forbes family's private island off Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where Walter Cronkite sometimes put in aboard his sailboat.
Ruth Forbes had married Michael's father Lyman Paine, a radical founder of the Trotskyite Communist Party in the USA, and was a close personal friend and traveling companion to Mary Bancroft, granddaughter of the founder of Barrons and Wall Street Journal.
Ruth Forbes was traveling with Bancroft aboard an ocean liner when Bancroft met the Swiss businessman who she would marry, and it was while living in Switzerland where she met and became a primary assistant and paramour of OSS officer Alen Dulles.
After leaving the Forbes island off Massachusetts Ruth Hyde Paine visted Michael's mom and her husband Arthur Young at their 300 year old colonial farmhouse outside Philadelphia.
That's where Ruth H. Paine must have received a letter from Marina Oswald in New Orleans agreeing to move to Texas with her because after leaving the Youngs in Philadelphia, she visited her sister in DC and father in Ohio before picking up Marina in New Orleans and taking them with her to Texas, while Oswald went to Mexico City.
"In care of Arthur Young," was all that Ford noted in his book, but it was enough for me to start digging into the question - Who is Arthur Young?
From my home in Ocean City, New Jersey, I found his phone number listed in the public directory and gave him a call, and he answered. I introduced myself as a reporter and journalist from the Jersey Shore, and requested an interview.
He requested that I order and read his two published books before I interviewed him, and I agreed.
"What is your purpose?" he wanted to know.
So I explained I wanted to write a feature article about him, a profile, with a special emphasis on his role in the invention of the Bell Helicopter and his unique philosophy.
While he agreed, he said he doubted that any reputable publication would publish anything about him, as he thought himself too controversial, and that proved to be true.
A few weeks after our phone coversation, after I read his books, I drove alone to the Young's colonial era farmhouse on the Brandywine Creek, not far from the Philadelphia's classic Main Line neighborhoods. It was at the lost battle of Brandywine when a Scottish highlander sniper got General Washington in his sights, but declined to take the shot that could have changed the course of history.
Michael's mom, Ruth Forbes Paine Young, now old an frail, was sitting in the garden with a young women talking quietly while I followed Young into his book lined living room and study and sat in adjoining loung chairs by a fireplace. I asked him if I could tape our conversation and he agreed, so the cassette tape recorder was placed on a small tea table between us.
Before we began Young asked me if he could chart my horroscope and when I agreed, he asked me my date and place of birth, and continued jotting down things as we talked.
The son of two fine painters from Gettesburg, Pa., Arthur Middleton Young was born in Paris on November 3, 1905. His father Charles Morris Young was teaching art in France when he was born. One of his mother's watercolors graced the far wall of Young's living room.
Young considered himself self-educated even though he graduated from Princeton with a degree in mathamatics in 1927, he considered the Ivy League school entirely unsuitable for what he wanted to learn. He did recall a professor who introduced him to oriental art, and taking a physics course on the theory of relativity, arguing over the role of time in the equation.
While Einstein and others considered time a constant, Young believed it to be a variable. "Treating time as a dimension as though you could make a map of it. But time brings surprises, novelities, and there is no way to formulate these things. You talk about space, something you can measure, points on a plane and distances between them. Then we talk about space and time and the interval between them, but it still portrays time as though it can be laid out on a map."
"There was a death in my family," he explained. "It was tragic, and it showed me that time brought surprises. And I couldn't reconcile that with relativity, but I felt that in studying the theory of relativity I began to construct my own theory of the universe which was based on structure. In trying to formulate these things, I changed my theory from a theory of structure to a theory of process, to emphasize the change of time, and now I call it a theory of process."
As a student at Princeton, where he majored in math and physics, Young said he occassionally crossed paths with Einstein, but didn't engage him in conversation. Philosopher Henri Bergson did argue with Einstein about his concept of time, Young said. "And I agree with Bergson, although I don't know if Bergson would agree with me."
After graduating from Princeton in 1927 Young said he wanted to develoop his own theory in response to the theory of relativity, but he decided to invent something first in order to better understand the laws of nature. "I had to apprentice myself with nature, and decided to do something practical to learn how nature works."
Going to the Patent Office in Washington D.C. Young reviewed the status of the most intriguing scientific developments of the time. "I had all sorts of ideas and scruitinized the field of invention, and thought about thigns on the horizon - color television, stereophonic sound, color photography, but it all seemed to easy to develop, and I didn't want anyone to get there before me."
He settled on vertical flight because there was less competition and the problems in developing the helicopter seemed more easily surmountable.
"You know how you have text books with questions and the answers are in the back of the book?" Young asks. "Well I thought it was like that, and I could just look up the answers by trying it with nature. I allowed myself fifteen years, and it took eighteen years before I could surmise it was successful."
After digensting all of the published technical material on the matter, most of which he found was in French, and for the most part useless, he realized he had to start from scratch.
THE FIRST DRONE
"Since I couldn't afford to make a large full scale helicopter, and the fact it would take longer, I began with models in 1928. I made a 20 horsepower one, and it blew up three times. I waisted about ten years on that model alone and realized it wasn't the right way."
"There are a number of ways to make a helicopter - you can have the roters coaxial, you can have them what you call side-by-side or you can have them in tandem. The main problem with a helicopter is correcting the torque. I tried to correct it at first by having the rotor have little rotors pulling it around, so there is very little torque on the fuselage."
Over a period of 14 years, in the colonial era barn in the backyard of his Paoli, Pennsylvania farmhouse, Young experimented with model helicopters, overocoming a successioin of "instructive failures."
"It was a process of self-education," Young said. "I discovered the problem of stress, conducted all kinds of experiments myself, and my machines all blew up. I'd start them and hide behind the woodpile."
One model was electric powered, five foot to scale controlled by 13 wires and a cable. "I had to take the rafter supports out of the bar to make room for the flying models."
Young (From The Reflected Universe) : "Many of the problems in the development of the helicopter involved this sequence: finding what happens, the laws or regularities, and rerouting one's course to make the same laws work to help; as when a carpenter planning a board discovers he is working against the grain and turns the board around....I also found in the helicopter an example of how evolution works. I found by experience that without purpose, without a goal oiented activity, the helicopter could not possibly have evolved."
While other helicopter designers flew helicopters before Young, including Focke in Germany, Sikorsky in the United States, they did not have the controlled flight needed for routine and safe operations. Young invented and pattened critical components, including the stabalizing bar, that allows for controlled vertical flight. Young's pattened inventions are a part of every helicopter just as every airplane contains components pattended by the Wright brothers.
"Sikorsky is really the father of the helicoper in this country," says Young, "and I owe a dept to him because he siad the simpilist way to correct the torque is with a tail rotor, and I was influenced by him to go with the tail rotor model. So I went back to the little models to test that and found they were still unstable in flight, and that led to almost a year before I found the stabilizing bar acts like a pole. That gave me a stable model, so when I could fly out the barn door and back again, that's when I knew I could take it to a big company."
At the dawn of World War II Young was drafted into the Army at the age of 36. With in-bread Philadelphia Quaker beliefs, Young didn't want to fight.
"I didn't see how much use I was going to be to the Army," so he took his little flying model to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio and gave the military brass a demonstration and that got him out of the Army.
"The reason I went to Bell is because I had been dreaming about a converter plane and the Bell Airacobra appealed to me. Then this doctor, Dr. John Sharpe of Bryn Mawr (Pa.), I don't know why, but he became a visitor. He had developed a gear and asked me where he could present it, and I said to try Bell. So he went to Bell (Upstate New York) and he found they didn't know much about gears. But he did tell them about the helicopter going in and out of the barn door. And Jack Stricter, the man there at Bell, said to come up and visit them, so that's how I got to Bell."
With an invitation to visit Bell, Young took his model helicopter and a film of its progression to Bell Aircraft plant in Buffalo, New York. There Lawrence Bell's secretary told him Young he had ten minutes to make his presentation. So Young took his model helicopter out of the black box in the middle of the factory assembly line where they were making Aircobra fighter planes (they sold to Russia), and began playing with it.
As the little model flew around the huge factory the mechanics and engineers stopped their work and Mr. Bell came out to see what the fuss was about, so Young flew the model over Bell and landed it at his feet.
Young showed his film to Bell in his office, and eight hours later Young was in charge of a new division of Bell Aircraft - Bell Helicopter, and assigned to build a full scale model of his flying helicopter.
Young: "Here was a big aircraft company making pursuit plans for war, and Larry Bell had the vision to see that ultimately, they would have to have another product. And he was sufficiently impressed that this would be a future market. After some time "We got a factory in a garage in Gardenville, New York, some distance from the main plant. I got my own mechanics and engineers, - there were about 25 of us. Bell complained I didn't have an organization chart, and it was because we were working together - you could say spiritually, that we didn't need no organization chart. Everyone just fell into place."
Nor did they have a blueprint. Normally, airplaines are designed on paper first, and then built to specifications, but in this case, the helicopter was built from the scale model, and then the parts drawn on to a blueprint, backwards from the traditional approach to aircraft design and construction.
"We just attened to it for several years without any distractions," Young said. "It's easy enough to put a helicopter together, but then you have to make it work. We got the thing out the door and to take off in six months, but then it took two or three years to get the bugs out, to get the engine to stand up and solve all of the difficult problems."
"I had the lathe set by the window, so the mechanics could look out and see the helicopter flying, but they didn't bother to look. They were too interested in their own work. I realized that people have differnt perspectives, and you should respect their perspectives. I don't think anybody, including myself, realiized the impact of what we were doing. We were too busy trying to make it work."
"When my friends asked me of what use a helicopter would be, I got tired of trying to answer that question. I said you would be able to oil weather veins, but that wasn't so absurd because the first use of the helicopter was to blow due off cheries in a field. But nobody would have dreamed of that use."
Other early uses of the first Bell helicopter were the inspection of pipe lines, fire fighting, and best known for taking wounded soldiers off the battlefiend in Korea, as portratyed in the movie and TV show MASH.
The Bell Model 47D1, with its familiar girders and glass bubble, was completed in 1942 and was the first helicopter to be licensed to fly commercially by the Civil Aeronautics Board in 1946. Like the Aqualung, the helicopater came too late for World War II.
The very first prototype helicopater was last flown in 1947 and made into a popular display at the Franklin Insitute in Philadelphia, where schoolchilidren climbed in and out of it. It was later moved to the Smithsonian Institute in Washington D.C. and in 1986, because of its functional design, was considered practical art and put on display at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
"My father would have turned over in his grave because he hated modern art," Young laughed.
After the prototype production model was finished they began the assembly line manufacture and Young consider his work at Bell complete.
Young: "When you have the prototype launched, that's when there are no more changes. We were giving people rides, and it helped morale, but there was no sense sitting around, so that's when I decided to do what I really wanted to do, which is philosophy."
Young also took up yoga again, "But the thing that really blew my mind was dreaming a dream of the future which was very accurate. I was very intrigued with all of these things like future dreams, telepathy, ESP - extra sensory perception, prediction, radionics, astrology, and things like that."
"I got some prectice falling asleep in classes in college, and I began to study the images that come to you at the moment you fall asleep. They often concern something you are thinking about, and can be used to solve problems. With dreams you're asleep and can't do anything about it, but with images you wake up, and are right on the edge."
It was at the conclusion of his work at Bell when Young hooked up once again with Ruth Forbes, who he had previously met in 1939. "A mutual friend invited me to go to her house at Naushon Island, off the coast of Massachusets."
"There was no thought of marriage when we first met. It wasn't until after I had quit the helicopter, that's when my whole life changed," Young said reflectively.
In 1948 in Reno, Nevada, Young was granted a divorce from his first wife Priscilla Page Young.
"I was fond of her, but there was something missing. Ruth was willing to go into these things like radionics and Scientology."
Radionics he said, "is the use of a blood spot to diagnose and treat patients from a distnace," while scientology is the quasi-religion founded by H. Ron Hubbard.
Young and Ruth Forbes were married in 1948, but didn't stay with Scientology.
"I must admit, Scientology was a brilliant technique, but it got into a fascist racket with sever rules, and I didn't get much out of it."
With Ruth Forbes Paine Young, they launced what Young calls his "Gee Wiz" perioid, in which they investigated all of the things outside the realm of traditional science including radionics, ESP, yoga and astrology, which is the subject of Young's next planned book - a work-in-progress. (Kelly notes: I don't know if this was ever published.)
In 1949 the Franklin Institute recognized Young for his role in the development of the helicopter when he was awarded the prestigious Franklin Medal for his use of models to test unproven ideas.
"I worked with models because it was easier and cheaper," he said, "and I'm still trying to find a student to teach how to do that so it won't die with me. I've had adequate recognition for my helicopter work, it is my philosophy that bothers them." Them being traditonal scientists and academians who reject his radical and unconventoinal beliefs.
In Philadelphia in 1951 (BK: The year I was born), Young established the Foundatation for the Study of Consciousness "to promote the study of metaphysics," that would formally examine the esoteric things that he was concerned with. He also went back to Princeton to lecture, but his syllabus was too diverse. Was it mechanics, physics, metaphsics or all of them?
"The suggestion of such an overall course crossed so many departmental boundries they said they just couldn't do it," Young said bitterly dejected. "A professor doesn't want a general theory coming across his province, his soverign territory."
The bureaucrats in Washington were just as stuffy about his Foundation as the academics at Princeton were about an interdisciplianry course.
As he explains it: "I found that I couldn't do anything without having a committee or professor approve it. The U.S. government you see, doesn't want people to do things that aren't conventional. It was suppoed to be tax exempt but I found myself so restricted by this that we disolved the foundatoin and started over again in 1972 with the Institute for the Study of Consciousness."
Based in Berkeley, California, Young spends the summer and fall at his Downingtown, Pa. farm house and resides in California from November until spring. In California Young gives a lecture a month at the Philosophical Research Society, elaborating on his philosophy to interesed students. He has also written two books about his still developing Theory of Process - The Reflective Universe and the Geometry of Meaning.
Young is also the author of the less technical Bell Notes, which is based on the journal he kept while working on the Bell Helicopter and describes his conversion from physics to metaphysics.
Considering its founding in 1951, a decade before the general popularity of such things, Young said his institute should not be confused with the "consciousness movment" of the Sixties and Seventies. "That was drugs and alternate states of consciousness, and I'd already experienced that with yoga. It was more of the business of how to account for that kind of thing - how to explain it. I didn't experiment with drugs like LSD, although I always meant to, I just didn't get around to it. My wife's grandson introduced me to psilocybin (mushrooms), but I found it wasn't much different to what I could do consciously with yoga."
- This could be Michael Paine`s son?
With the completion of his work at Bell Young departed both the company and traditional science, devising his own unique philosophy of life.
Young: "First of all, it isn't my philosophy. It's reviewing ancient teachings in light of modern science, and visa versa. We begin with a concept of length, we go out and measure things and then we have a theory. As a scientist you have this concept of length....If you have a line of time, it goes on forever. So how do you measure length? You have to have another dimension that cuts across the linear dimension in order to say where it begins and where it ends. That means you invoke this other dimension across it, and as soon as you have that other dimension you have space - that is level one - dimenstion - the point that has direction. And the cutting that off, the stopping of the film to see where things are."
"Stages is what my theory contributes - first to conquer time, that's what the trees and plants have done, - they've conquered time by producing seeds that grow and produce more seeds. Direction and purpose is levil one, followed by substance, form, goal, mobility, organization and objects. The pattern of process also contains seven kingdoms of light, particles, atoms, molecules, plants, animals and man."
Young says there is a connection between science and ancient myology and astrology, and he found astrology more encompasing than science. When I first arrived Young asked me my birthday and place of birth - across the river in nearby Camden, NJ.
Young drew out my astrology chart while we were talking, and said, "I don't give readings. I'm not a qualified astrologer, I've just been studing the subject and like to do charts of people I'm associating with. Currently I'm working on a book about astology, and it's been about forty years since I've taken up the study. The book is about "nested time," when you correlate what happens thirty days after birth to what happens thirty years after birth. It isn't used very much now, but it was used by the ancients and it brings out a totally different approach to astroloogy as against science. It brings time into the equation and is not so much trying to reconcile it with science as it is showing its more comprehensive nature than science."
"You might see in a play what take a lifetime to live, or you read a book in two hours, or see a game, and the timing is just right. If it isn't, the winner is the one who times it the best. Time is very important, but it has differnt rates. And that gives you and idea of what I'm doing now."
"I can cope with astrology because I have a lifetime of records. I have sixty years of records, dated, because I'm an inventor and that's what I've done."
Young said that he was working on Volume #57 of his personel journal, each with over 300 pages.
"With these records I can test the astrology from my life. It doesn't mean that it will work for somebody else, but I can't do somebody else. It's incomprehensible from a scientific point of view, but the universe is doing all different things and a chart is the schedule of our lives. These things check out, and they're not in conflict with the self, they're opportunities."
Looking up from my astrology chart he had drawn out as we talked, Young said: "You are at the turn at which I was at when I left Bell and began to inquirer about the secrets of the universe. The time that I was successful was when the sun went into the first house and I was independent of Bell. I'm not suggesting that is what is happening to you, but that is what I am getting from this chart. The signifiance here is more specific because it's position is an awareness of something. But this is a differnt level, more subtle. Capricorn is rules, regulations, control, responsibility, boundaries, and is mainly what science is, with an emphasis on laws. But it is going out of Capricorn, so it will be more open."
Young looked at me quizzicaly and asked if I was an alien.
At first i though he mean an illegal foreign alien, like from Ireland, but then he asked me, "Are you an extra-terrestial from the Pleiades? Your chart indicates you might be from the Pleiades, and that is the kind of stuff that turns up in astrology."
I think he was kind of disapointed when I told him no, but asked where the Pleiades were located, and he said about 200 million light years away in the Taurus constellation.
Young: "There's this group called SETA - Searach for Extra-Terrestial Intelligence, They're seriously listening to radio waves night and day expecting some kind of signal or something, when ETs are right here walking around them."
People from the Pleiades Young explained, first traveled the speed of light. "Time stops at the speed of light, so they first conquired the speed of light, so they conquured time, and went forward in their own civilization to a point where they borrowed spaceships from their future, spaceships that could travel anywhere in the universe instantaneously." He then snapped his fingers in click.
According to Young they travel first in "Beam Ships" - a spacecraft from the future, which they park just outside our solar system, the Mother ship. Then they use flying saucers to get to earth.
"They go almost the speed of light within our solar system," Young attests, "and it still takes a couple of hours."
When Young sensed my incredulity and disbelief that aliens were walking among us he got up from his chair and took a book off the shelf from a wall that was full of books, and said the aliens had been photographed and interviewed.
Young said, "They don't want their picture taken so as not to be recognized when they move among us, but one female, whose mission was over, she was going home, so she allowed herself to be photographed."
Opening the book and turning the pages he points to a slightly out of focus photo of a beautiful blonde babe. A wow!
Looking at the cover - "UFO Contact from the Pleiades" by Lt. Col. Wendelle C. Stevens (USAF Ret.), the book relates the results of Steven's case study of aliens who befriended German farmer Billy Meier and used his fields as a landing zone, complete with pictures.
Young said the Pleiadeans, who look like us, were not the only aliens among us, but there is also another race of aliens they call the `Grays` who are short and roundish with big eyes like the aliens in the movie Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and what crashed at Roswell. And Young said they don't like each other and are at war. So we are in the middle of an inter-galactic war between alien races and don't even know it!
When I mentioned that a friend of mine thinks the whole flying saucer phenonema was a military psychological warfare ploy to fool the public and protect the U2 spyplane and other special experiments, Young said, "Well if you don't believe it there's no sense in discussing it any further." There was no antimosity in his voice though.
Changing the subject to his wife, and her work with the World Federalists and International Peace Academy, Young said she was in the early phases of memory loss and was not up to discussion. "She wanted to promote something that would get people to work together," but Young thought that was very difficult because they have to have some specific purpose.
We walked into another room of the old farmhouse where Mrs. Ruth Forbes Paine Young sat on a couch taking quietly with a young lady who smiled.
I thanked Mrs. Young for her work with the United Federalists and in establishing the International Peace Academy (IPA) at the UN, both of which strive for world peace, and she smiled a humble thank you.
She said she thought it significant that the helicopter was used to save lives, like at the MASH unit in Korea, and thought her husband should be recognized for that contribution.
Young then led me outside to the barn, a very big brick and oak building, big enough for a basketball court. This isn't the barn where he developed the model helicopters, that was the victim of developement some time ago. "That's progress," Young said, but this colonial era farm house and barn in Downingtown, near the Brandywine Creek, is very similar to the old farm near Paoli, all of which are in the wealthy area of suburban Philadelphia known as The Main Line, as it is on the main train line.
Some of his wife's paintings - Ruth Forbes Paine Young was also an artist, and some of her paintings were hanging in the barn-studio, along with an old classic car and a model helicopter. An assistant named Larry had made a copy of an early model for display purposes.
We then descended into a damp basement where he showed me some of the machines he used to test the stress of different model parts, and gave me an 8 x 10 black and white photo of him flying a model tied to a teather at the old farm.
As we walked to my car Young mentioned his attempt to put life back into science.
"Consciousness is a bad word in science," Young said, "but how did you get here? You drove a car. Well the Greeks knew about position, geometry, but they had no science of motion. They had no formula to treat velocity, which Newton provided by saying that velocity is the ratio of space and time, miles per hour, feet per second. The rat of change of position is velocity and the rate of change in velocity you can have a fre is acceleration, but what's acceleration? They call it jerk, or a change in the force, but it never occurs to them that it is the intervention of the person behind the wheel, or bringing a consciousness into the world of mechanism. So science invented a vehicle without anyone in it."
"What that makes it possible to start talking abut life," said Young, as I got into my vehicle, "because life is when nature begins to control itself. This is the beginning of a formal science of life. Science describes things, but they don't have a true science that explains life. All of the philosophers and scientists discuss free will verses determination, and they argue whether or not you can have a free will in a universe dominated by law. But without determination you couldn't have freedom. Determination is for use, not something that enslaves you."
"It's because the car behaved according to laws that you were able to get here," he concluded, and waved goodbye as I drove back down his winding, dirt road to the highway home.
A few hours later, as I drove across the bay causeway to Ocean City late that night, giant double shooting starts - meitors flashed across the sky together as if in formation, and disapeared over the ocean horizon, making me wonder if that was a good omen, as the ancients believed, a sign of some momentus happening, or were they perhaps my long, lost cousins visiting from the Pleiades.
The next day, in that pre-internet era, I got Wendelle Steven's phone number from the public directory in Arizona and gave him a call. He picked up and I asked if it was the Wendelle Stevens who wrote the book on UFOs Contact from the Pleiades?
When I mentioned that a friend of mine thinks the whole flying saucer phenonema was a military psychological warfare ploy to fool the public and protect the U2 spyplane and other special experiments, Young said, "Well if you don't believe it there's no sense in discussing it any further." There was no antimosity in his voice though.
Changing the subject to his wife, and her work with the World Federalists and International Peace Academy, Young said she was in the early phases of memory loss and was not up to discussion. "She wanted to promote something that would get people to work together," but Young thought that was very difficult because they have to have some specific purpose.
We walked into another room of the old farmhouse where Mrs. Ruth Forbes Paine Young sat on a couch taking quietly with a young lady who smiled.
I thanked Mrs. Young for her work with the United Federalists and in establishing the International Peace Academy (IPA) at the UN, both of which strive for world peace, and she smiled a humble thank you.
She said she thought it significant that the helicopter was used to save lives, like at the MASH unit in Korea, and thought her husband should be recognized for that contribution.
Young then led me outside to the barn, a very big brick and oak building, big enough for a basketball court. This isn't the barn where he developed the model helicopters, that was the victim of developement some time ago. "That's progress," Young said, but this colonial era farm house and barn in Downingtown, near the Brandywine Creek, is very similar to the old farm near Paoli, all of which are in the wealthy area of suburban Philadelphia known as The Main Line, as it is on the main train line.
Some of his wife's paintings - Ruth Forbes Paine Young was also an artist, and some of her paintings were hanging in the barn-studio, along with an old classic car and a model helicopter. An assistant named Larry had made a copy of an early model for display purposes.
We then descended into a damp basement where he showed me some of the machines he used to test the stress of different model parts, and gave me an 8 x 10 black and white photo of him flying a model tied to a teather at the old farm.
As we walked to my car Young mentioned his attempt to put life back into science.
"Consciousness is a bad word in science," Young said, "but how did you get here? You drove a car. Well the Greeks knew about position, geometry, but they had no science of motion. They had no formula to treat velocity, which Newton provided by saying that velocity is the ratio of space and time, miles per hour, feet per second. The rat of change of position is velocity and the rate of change in velocity you can have a fre is acceleration, but what's acceleration? They call it jerk, or a change in the force, but it never occurs to them that it is the intervention of the person behind the wheel, or bringing a consciousness into the world of mechanism. So science invented a vehicle without anyone in it."
"What that makes it possible to start talking abut life," said Young, as I got into my vehicle, "because life is when nature begins to control itself. This is the beginning of a formal science of life. Science describes things, but they don't have a true science that explains life. All of the philosophers and scientists discuss free will verses determination, and they argue whether or not you can have a free will in a universe dominated by law. But without determination you couldn't have freedom. Determination is for use, not something that enslaves you."
"It's because the car behaved according to laws that you were able to get here," he concluded, and waved goodbye as I drove back down his winding, dirt road to the highway home.
A few hours later, as I drove across the bay causeway to Ocean City late that night, giant double shooting starts - meitors flashed across the sky together as if in formation, and disapeared over the ocean horizon, making me wonder if that was a good omen, as the ancients believed, a sign of some momentus happening, or were they perhaps my long, lost cousins visiting from the Pleiades.
The next day, in that pre-internet era, I got Wendelle Steven's phone number from the public directory in Arizona and gave him a call. He picked up and I asked if it was the Wendelle Stevens who wrote the book on UFOs Contact from the Pleiades?
Yes, same guy, so I asked him if I could buy a copy of his book. He said it was out of print and asked me where I had seen it.
Arthur Young showed it to me I told him.
Ah, yes, Arthur, how he is? He asked.
Still plugging away, I said, before asking if the UFO Contact froam the Pleiades was all true?
Sure, Stevens said.
Knowing he was a Lt. Colonel in the Air Force, I asked him if he was involved in Project Blue Book?
That's where he first got interested in UFOs, stationed at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio until he retired in 1963.
I told him I graduated from the University of Dayton, so I was familiar with the area.
Who was your commanding officer? I asked.
Why that was Air Force General Charles P. Cabell - The brother of the mayor of Dallas at the time of the assassination, who failed to convince JFK to commit a second air strike during the Bay of Pigs and was fired for it.
I gave Stevens my contact info to buy a book when it was in l again, but I never heard from him again, and now have his obit, as well as Young's obit and his wife.
Since then however, I learned two things that I would have asked them about had I known them at the time.
Ruth Hyde met Michael Paine in Philadelphia at a folk dance, when he was working with Arthur Young, and Young got Michael a job at the Bell Helicopter plant in Texas, where he became the primary benefactor to Oswald, the accused assassin.
At the very moment of the assassination of President Kennedy at Dealey Plaza, Michael Paine was in the Bell Helicopter cafateria a few miles away eating lunch with a fellow employee and we're discussing political assassination! That was an ESP experience that Arthur Young would have appreciated.
Then I read in Mary Bancroft's book Autobiography of a Spy, that Michael's mom, Arthur Young's wife Ruth Forbes Paine Young, had accompanied Bancroft on an ocean liner to Europe when Bancroft met her futhre husband, a Swiss businessman. That marriage put Bancroft in position in Switzerland to meet and work with Allen Dulles.
That's when they worked with Nazi officer Hans Bernd Gisivious in the plot to kill Hitler that culminated in the July 20, 1944 bomb attack at the Wolf's Lair headquarters that failed. While thousands of people were executed, Gisivious escaped thanks to false papers smuggled to him by Dulles and Bancroft.
I was disapointed in myself for not asking Mrs. Young if she knew fellow World Federalists Priscilla Johnson, who attened a Main Line college nearby, or Walter Cronkite, who often put his sailboat into the Nashaun Island harbor owned by the Forbes family.
Ruth Forbes Paine Young also founded the International Peace Academy at the UN, directed by a military general from India, an organization that trains young leaders in peaceful crisis management by enacting role playing scenario games.
I worked with the US Army for two years engaged in similar role playing scenarios, and recall a scene in the movie "Thirteen Days," about the Cuban Missile Crisis, when Bobby Kennedy asks national security advisor McGeorge Bundy if there were any other possible options other than going to war, as all of the Joint Chiefs of Staff had recommended. And Bundy reluctantly replies that Yes, the war game scenarios they previously ran included one option - a blocade. And that's what they did.
In any case, while Arthur Young was one of the most eccentric characters I've ever met, and I've known a few, I now think that it is his wife - Michael Paine's mother, Ruth Forbes Paine Young is the one who held many of the secrets to the universe that I am still seeking.
MORE TO COME ON THIS - STAY TUNED - I will typne in more as time allows. This is from six pages of type written notes and a partical transcript of the tape.
At the very moment of the assassination of President Kennedy at Dealey Plaza, Michael Paine was in the Bell Helicopter cafateria a few miles away eating lunch with a fellow employee and we're discussing political assassination! That was an ESP experience that Arthur Young would have appreciated.
Then I read in Mary Bancroft's book Autobiography of a Spy, that Michael's mom, Arthur Young's wife Ruth Forbes Paine Young, had accompanied Bancroft on an ocean liner to Europe when Bancroft met her futhre husband, a Swiss businessman. That marriage put Bancroft in position in Switzerland to meet and work with Allen Dulles.
That's when they worked with Nazi officer Hans Bernd Gisivious in the plot to kill Hitler that culminated in the July 20, 1944 bomb attack at the Wolf's Lair headquarters that failed. While thousands of people were executed, Gisivious escaped thanks to false papers smuggled to him by Dulles and Bancroft.
I was disapointed in myself for not asking Mrs. Young if she knew fellow World Federalists Priscilla Johnson, who attened a Main Line college nearby, or Walter Cronkite, who often put his sailboat into the Nashaun Island harbor owned by the Forbes family.
Ruth Forbes Paine Young also founded the International Peace Academy at the UN, directed by a military general from India, an organization that trains young leaders in peaceful crisis management by enacting role playing scenario games.
I worked with the US Army for two years engaged in similar role playing scenarios, and recall a scene in the movie "Thirteen Days," about the Cuban Missile Crisis, when Bobby Kennedy asks national security advisor McGeorge Bundy if there were any other possible options other than going to war, as all of the Joint Chiefs of Staff had recommended. And Bundy reluctantly replies that Yes, the war game scenarios they previously ran included one option - a blocade. And that's what they did.
In any case, while Arthur Young was one of the most eccentric characters I've ever met, and I've known a few, I now think that it is his wife - Michael Paine's mother, Ruth Forbes Paine Young is the one who held many of the secrets to the universe that I am still seeking.
MORE TO COME ON THIS - STAY TUNED - I will typne in more as time allows. This is from six pages of type written notes and a partical transcript of the tape.
wow
ReplyDelete