Josiah Thompson’s Last Second in Dallas (University of Kansas Press, 2021)
Josiah
Thompson’s new book Last Second in Dallas could be a game
changer, but probably won’t because of the opposition of both dedicated lone
nuts, who will brand it another conspiracy book, and silly conspiracy theorists
who will disagree with what he has to say.
Unlike
both camps Thompson doesn’t claim to know who killed the President, and doesn’t
try to pin the blame on anyone.
Instead
he tries to compile the most significant evidence, witness testimony, forensic
facts, ballistics and medical reports, acoustics, film and photos all together
and at least try to assemble a clear and concise picture of the puzzle of what
occurred at Dealey Plaza that day.
"This
book has a twofold purpose," Thompson explains. "On the one hand, it
is a personal narrative of my experiences over the past five decades of trying
to figure out what happened. At the same time, it is a kind of detective story
that ends up disclosing what I have found."
"Before
beginning to read," Thompson cautions, "the reader should be warned.
This book is about the final second of John Kennedy's life. What happened in
that final instant is shown in all-too-graphic detail by the Zapruder film and
the autopsy photos. It is profoundly unsettling for both author and reader to
examine a man's death in such graphic detail. Yet we must. For it is in that
last second of the shooting that a central reality of the event is to be found.
We must immerse ourselves in theses details if we are to reach that reality,
unsettling and uncomfortable as it may be."
As
a first generation critic of the Warren Report conclusions, Thompson spices
these technical details and bloody facts with his own personal experiences that
explain how he got involved and still cares about this case.
From
his time at Yale, enlisting in the military as a Navy UDT (Underwater
Demolition Team) “Frogman,” graduate student in Philosophy, book on philosopher
Soren Kierkegaard, decade long professorship at Haverford College, developing
interest in the Kennedy assassination, being hired as a consultant to Life
Magazine, authorship of the landmark Six Seconds in Dallas, more
than two decades working as s PI – private investigator in San Francisco, in
the Sam Spade tradition, and authorship of his work on hundreds of cases
(including the Oklahoma City Bombing) in the book Gumshoe.
Thompson
once said that of all the cases he worked on as a PI, there came a point in the
investigation when some new piece of evidence or witness testimony led to the
resolution of the crime, that is all of the case but one – the assassination of
President Kennedy, which has remained an enigma, and not just for him.
After
working on this book for ten years Thompson has tried to settle that issue by
trying to put all of the key pieces of the Dealey Plaza puzzle together,
throwing out the pieces that don’t fit, and aren’t even from this puzzle, and
summarize what he has learned over the years.
In
his Foreword to this book, Richard Rhodes, a former associate of Nobel laureate
Luis W. Alvarez notes that Thompson’s first serious study was on Soren
Kierkegaard, the Danish philosopher and “the grandfather of the modern
philosophical movement known as existentialism,” which “is about understanding
the meaning and mystery of our existence without anchoring it in unsupported
certitudes. That seems to me what Thompson has spent his life pursing: giving
up certitude…”
Rhodes
says that he once supported Alvarez and the idea one lone nut killed the
president, but is now convinced that Thompson is right, reversing the trend of
former silly conspiracy theorist becoming dedicated lone nuts. "A careful
reexamination of the forensic evidence in this book has changed my mind. I
never would have imagined doing so, but for what it's worth, I now think the
weight of the evidence supports Thompson's conclusions." Others should
follow.
Unlike
all dedicated lone nut advocates and most silly conspiracy theorists, Thompson
doesn’t know who killed the president, but he’s figured out the basic
forensics, at least to his own satisfaction.
And
he’s willing to admit when he’s wrong, and correct his past mistakes, as he now recognizes that the shooting sequence wasn’t limited to six seconds, but
more like eight to nine seconds, and the two inch forward movement of the
president’s head wasn’t caused by what he initially thought.
There’s
been a lot of new developments since the publication of Six Seconds in
Dallas, most notably the Church Committee and House Select Committee
on Assassination (HSCA), the latter of which commissioned a scientific study of
the acoustic evidence, a tape recording of the shots resulting from a Dallas
police motorcycle with a microphone stuck open during the assassination.
It
has been falsely stated many times, mainly by dissenting congressmen who
weren’t paying attention, that the HSCA conclusion regarding conspiracy was
based entirely on the acoustical study, that they disagreed with. Committee
chief counsel G. Robert Blakey wrote a book on the mob connections to the
assassination, based on the HSCA findings, investigator Gaeton Fonzi focused on
the CIA’s David Atlee Phillips, attorney Ed Lopez on the Mexico City charade,
attorney Dan Hardway on the false attempts to blame Castro for the
assassination, investigator Jack Moriarty on the Dallas aspects, in particular
the murder of JD Tippit and the Collins Radio connections, among many other
important leads to come out of the HSCA. So it isn’t true the acoustical study
was the only basis for the HSCA conclusion regarding conspiracy.
While
I don’t pretend to understand the math or equations that make up the acoustical
study, or the government commissioned Ramsey Panel’s attempt to refute it, I
trust Drs. Barger, Weiss, Ackensasy, and now Richard Mullen’s rebuttal of the
Ramsey Panel’s refutation of the acoustic panel’s work, based entirely on Ohio
drummer Steve Barber’s discovery of cross-talk between the two police channels.
Both
Alveraz and Ramsey have discredited themselves, Alveraz for not being
forthright about the extent of his experiments attempting to prove the
so-called “Jet Effect,” with bullets forcing melons to fall back towards the direction
of the shots, while Ramsey led a previous government panel that failed to
affirm a satellite report of a joint Israel-South Africa explosion of a nuclear
bomb in the ocean, assuring that he would go with what the government wanted
rather than what was known to be true.
Led by Dr. Barger of BBN, the HSCA acoustic study arranged for the recording of rifles fired from both the Sixth Floor of the Texas School Book Depository (TSBD) and from behind the picket fence on the grassy knoll at Dealey Plaza, comparing them with the sounds of rifle fire on the DP dictabelt tapes. Then they took the results a step further by putting the sounds on an ocelliscope and measuring the echo patterns created by the shots, creating an acoustic fingerprint of Dealey Plaza.
I
was in the Congressional hearing room when the acoustic team – Drs. Barger,
Weiss and Ackensasy testified before the HSCA. When a congressman asked them
what they would say if they were told the recording was not made at Dealey
Plaza at the time of the shooting, one of them responded, “I would then ask to
be taken to that location and expect to find an exact duplicate of Dealey
Plaza,” because the echo analysis reflected on the gun reports bouncing off the
buildings and walls of the plaza that were measured and matched.
When
the Ramsey panel fell into a funk in refuting the acoustic study results they
leaned on the findings of crosstalk on the tape discovered by Ohio rock drummer
Steve Barber. While most people discarded the acoustics study completely, the
three original scientists quietly stuck to their guns, and then Don Thomas
published a refutation of the Ramsey panel’s conclusions in a British forensic
journal, reviving the debate.
Thompson
devotes more than one chapter to the acoustic issues, and includes articles by
Dr. Barger and his BBN associate Richard Mullen as detailed appendix in the
back of this book, but the issues are complex and important enough to deal with
in detail separately, and I will.
Thompson
embrases the HSCA acoustical study however, because it just may be the missing
piece of the puzzle that fits, and together with the other forensic pieces,
lead to the clear and concise portrait of what occurred at Dealey Plaza, and
the eventual resolution of the crime. That’s because what the acoustical study
says in regards to the timing and spacing of the shots fits quite nicely over
the witness reports, and most importantly the Zapruder film.
Backtracking
a little bit, what amazes me the most, and not mentioned by Thompson, is the
fact that during his decade long tenure as a Haverford professor in
Philadelphia, he was living in very close proximation with a number of other
assassination related characters, including Warren Commission attorneys Arlen
Spector and William Coleman, Marina’s biographer Priscilla Johnson, Ruth and
Michael Paine, Michael’s mom Ruth Forbes Paine Young and her husband Arthur
Young, the inventor of the Bell Helicopter, as well as John Judge, who was
working at the Quaker Friends Peace Center. Since I lived in Camden, NJ, just
across the river, I often visited Judge, so we were there together in very
close proximity.
Priscilla
Johnson attended Bryn Mawr College, just down the road from Haverford College,
where Thompson taught. And was a member of Cord Meyer Jr.’s World Federalist
organization at the same time Michael’s mom organized fund raisers for the
pro-UN group. Michael Paine went to Swarthmore College, near Haverford
and Bryn Mawr, all on the Philadelphia's Main Line. Michael met Ruth H. Paine
at a folk dance. When they were married in Media, Pa., Arthur Young arranged
for Michael to get a job at Bell Helicopter in Texas, so they relocated there.
Ruth H. Paine later returned to Philadelphia and made a donation to the Quaker
Friends Peace Center when John Judge called her on the phone requesting
donations.
Just
around the corner from where Michael and Ruth H. Paine were married in Media,
local Vietnam War activists broke into the FBI office and stole their files,
later distributing them to the media and exposing operations CHAOS and COINTELPRO, the FBI's
penetration and operations against the anti-war activists. Of all the
assassination related individuals living in Philadelphia at the time, one was
more significant than the others in terms of steering Thompson towards Dealey
Plaza - and that was Vincent Salandria.
When
Thompson was arrested for distributing anti-war leaflets, he was bailed out by
Salandria, an ACLU attorney as well as the lawyer for the Philadelphia school
system. Salandria wrote some of the earliest published articles critical of the
Warren Report conclusions, and turned Thompson on to the case and its multiple
mysteries. Thompson became part of Salandria’s committee of correspondence,
which included a number of key early researchers - Christoper Sharrett, E.
Matin Schotz, Mary Ferrell, Penn Jones, Shirley Martin, Maggie Fields, Harold
Weisberg, Ray Marcus, David Lifton, and others.
But
Thompson wasn't satisfied. "As for the books already published about the
assassination," he writes, "it struck me that virtually all had
focused, in one way or another, on picking apart the Warren Commission's
conclusions. None had looked at the core evidence in the case and tried to pull
all the pieces together into a single whole. We had heard enough about how wrong
the Warren Commission's reconstruction was, but what was right?"
Then
Thompson and Salandria traveled to Washington DC together to visit the National
Archives and view the Z-film, met archivist Marion Johnson, as I have, and
obtained slides of the key frames of the film.
Thompson
says that despite being an early mentor to him, they had a falling out over
whether the throat wound in JFK’s neck was a bullet entry, as Salandria
believed, but Thompson was less certain. I too got to know Salandria because of
our mutual work on the Air Force One radio transmission tapes, and found him to
be easy going and congenial and believe that the “falling out,” was more over
Salandria’s belief that while the devil may be in the details, the government
wants us to waste our time micro-analyzing the evidence rather than concluding what
is quite obvious – there was a blatant conspiracy we should all just recognize.
Salandria
told Gaeton Fonzi in 1975 that, "I'm afraid we were misled. All the
critics, myself included, were misled very early. I see that now. We spent too
much time and effort micro-analyzing the details of the assassination when all
the time it was obvious, it was blatantly obvious that it was a conspiracy.
Don't you think that the men who killed Kennedy had the means to do it in the
most sophisticated and subtle way? They chose not to. Instead, they picked the
shooting gallery that was Dealey Plaza and did it in the most barbarous and
openly arrogant manner. The cover story was transparent and designed not to
hold, to fall apart at the slightest scrutiny. The forces that killed Kennedy
wanted the message clear: 'We are in control and no one - not the President,
nor Congress, nor any elected official - no one can do anything about it.' It
was a message to the people that their Government was powerless."
As
for Thompson, he was uncomfortable with the fact that all of the pieces to the
Dealey Plaza puzzle didn’t fit nicely together, and recognized that some of the
pieces weren’t even part of the puzzle, and threw them out.
Thompson
made a number of important determinations. Based on viewing the Z-film it is
quite clear that JFK is struck in the head from the front, as if hit by a
baseball bat. Eyewitnesses, including the Newmans and Holland, on the triple underpass,
thought the shot(s) came from behind the picket fence on the grassy knoll, and
many people and police ran there afterwards. Many ear witnesses said the first
few shots were evenly paced, but the last two shots were close together, almost
on top of each other – “Bam, Bam.”
While
interviewing witness with Life Magazine editors, Thompson followed Holland down
from the triple underpass to the area behind the picket fence, where someone
had been standing, pacing back and forth as his footprints were embedded in the
mud, and a pile of fresh cigarettes butts were left there.
At
Parkland hospital Thompson traced the origin of CE399, the so-called magic
bullet, and interviewed the orderly who found it and the hospital’s head of
security, a retired 20 year Dallas policeman. It turns out that the bullet was
found on a gurney not affiliated with either President Kennedy or Governor
Connally, but a little boy who was brought in at the same time. And the
security officer said the bullet that was turned over to him had a pointy tip,
not the one in evidence today as CE399.
Thompson
realized that the so called single bullet that supposedly hit JFK in the back,
exited his throat and went on to inflict all of the wounds on Connally, did not
kill the president, so he focused on the fatal head shot, and it’s multiple
complexities. The last second in Dallas is the moment the president is struck
in the head and thrown violently backwards, with blood spewn about, a piece of
the scull flipped on the truck that Jackie retrieved and tried to put back in
place, two other scull fragments that were later found on the ground, including
the Harper fragment that came from the back of the head and has since
disappeared. And most significantly the blood and brain matter that hit Secret
Service agent Hill as he ran towards the limo and hit the motorcycle policeman
riding to the left rear of the car.
While
all of that clearly indicates a shot from the front, the clincher is the fact
that Hill, the doctors at the Parkland emergency room and a number of those at
the autopsy all describe a very clear grapefruit sized hole in the back of
JFK’s head that was clearly an exit wound of a shot from the front.
Thompson
quotes novelist Don DeLillo, who wrote about the assassination in his
book Libra, as saying about the Zapruder film's key frame of
the exploding head shot: "Are you seeing some distortion inherent in the
film medium or in your own perception of things? Are you the willing victim of
some enormous lie of the state - a lie, a wish, a dream? Or did the shot simply
come from the front, as every cell in your body tells you it did?"
What
puzzled Thompson however, are the bullet fragments that created a crack in the
windshield, embedded in the chrome trim by the rearview mirror, were found on the
floor of the limo and according to the doctor who operated on Connally, caused
the wounds to his wrist. One piece of the puzzle is the fact that full metal
jacketed bullets like CE399 and those believed to have been fired by the sixth
floor gunman, don't fragment like the bullet that struck JFK in the head.
That must have been a different type of bullet.
"It
all came down to the threshold question: Was there more than one shooter? If
the answer was yes, then that fact would show itself in the details of the
shooting. Finding those details - if they existed - would be the task of my
book. And if they did not exist, that too would make the book
worthwhile."
The
answer Thompson provides, as was presented to him by Keith Fitzgerald is that
there were two almost simultaneous shots to the head, one from the front that
killed him, as seen in Z-film frame #313,, and a second shot less than a second
(.07) later from somewhere behind, that fragmented.
Dr.
Cyril Wecht had previously speculated on two shots to the head, and wants proof
of two gunman, and this might be it – especially because such a two head shot
scenario can be seen in the Z-film and complimented by the acoustical study
results as well as earwitness reports.
In
1978, Dr. Cyril Wecht, a member of the HSCA Forensic Pathology Panel wrote:
"In my opinion, the medical evidence and other physical evidence and
investigative data in this case do not rule out the possibility of another
gunshot wound of JFK's head....A soft-nosed bullet, or some other type of relatively
frangible ammunition that would have disintegrated upon impact could have
struck the right side of JFK's head in the parietal region. Inasmuch as there
is a large defect of JFK's skull in this area, it is not possible to rule out
the existence of a separate entrance wound at this site."
My
own research only concludes that the shot to the head that killed the president
was not taken by the sixth floor gunman, whoever he was, but was taken by a
well trained first class military sniper from either in front of the target or
behind it, so it didn’t appear to be moving but was approaching or moving away
from the shooter. First class snipers are trained to shoot for the head, and
their motto is “one shot one kill.”
Almost
all of what Josiah Thompson’s conclusions jive with my own, I don’t get so
engrossed in the ballistic, medical, forensic or photo analysis, but I try to
determine how the covert operation at Dealey Plaza was planned, put together
and conducted.
As
Thompson puts it: "There is no more effective ambush than a crossfire.
With shots coming undeniably from two locations and likely a third....This was
a highly sophisticated, devastatingly effective assassination: two bullets to
the head and one to the back. Its vary audacity is its most compelling feature.
Any speculation as to who did it and why must at least start with that
fact."
I
had known Thompson since the early 1990s from our participation at various
conferences, but except for an occasional lunch with others and drinks in the
hotel bar, I didn’t spend any considerable or quality time with him except for
one occasion. It was after an anniversary November COPA conference in Dallas,
when after the conference in the second floor ballroom of the Union train
station, while the others sat down for dinner and an awards ceremony, Thompson
and I left together to attend a media panel presentation at the Sixth Floor
Museum.
Former
Dallas mayor and TV reporter Wes Wise had invited me, as he had previously gave
me a tour of Dallas assassination hot spots and videotaped an interview
with me for the Sixth Floor Museum. I had been asked to give a talk to a
college law enforcement class, and when the professor decided to take the
entire class on a field trip to Dallas, I arranged for Wes Wise to give them his
tour.
[
Links to Wise Tour - JFKcountercoup: Case Study No.14 - Wes Wise - Assassin's Tour of Dallas
/ JFKCountercoup2: Wes Wise Tour of Dallas Hot Spots ]
So
Thompson and I left the COPA conference, walked down Houston Street, crossed
the plaza and had a short but interesting conversation along the way. There was
a classy wine and cheese reception before the panel discussion that included a
handful of former local news reporters who covered the assassination. It was held
on the seventh floor, and the college professor and his students were also there.
I
mention all of this because if you get through this intense and instructive
book, and the two appendixes on the acoustics, there are fifty-six pages of
footnotes and sources. Many of these footnotes refer to specific documents and
records mentioned in the text, and notes that for the seriously curious, they
can be found in the Thompson Collection at the Sixth Floor Museum, not a
bastion of silly conspiracy theories.
Peter
Dale Scott once said at an early COPA conference that besides the usual
assassination buffs - dedicated lone nuts who support the Warren Report
conclusions, and the silly conspiracy theorists who try to pin the
assassination on a likely suspects – LBJ, CIA, Mafia, KGB, Castro, etc., there
was emerging a third class of independent researchers who don’t believe they
know who killed the president, but keep an open mind, read all the books and
records, and try to answer the outstanding questions that can and should be
answered, however difficult.
Josiah
Thompson is one of those different breeds of assassination buffs, as are a
number of others – John Newman, Bill Simpich, Jefferson Morley, Larry Hancock,
among others, and I would like to include myself in their number.
Mary
Farrell once told me that she was convinced the assassination of President
Kennedy will one day be resolved to a legal and moral certainty, not because of
any government or official investigation, but by the joint work of independent
researchers, and I believe her.
Josiah
Thompson’s Last Second in Dallas is a foundation that can lead
to a clear outline of the ambush at Dealey Plaza, identify the gunman, and the
mastermind who planned and conducted the Dealey Plaza operation, though justice
will never be served.
William
Kelly is Research Coordinator for CAPA – Citizens Against Political
Assassinations, Dr. Cyril Wecht Chairman, and a member of the board of David
Talbot’s Truth and Reconciliation Committee. His email is billkelly3@gmail.com.
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